Who were the ayan?

Who were the ayan?

a. African slaves
b. A rural landholding elite
c. Free artisans
d. Abbasid bureaucrats
e. Jewish converts to Islam






Answer: B

Which of the following cultures of the Arabian Peninsula was most significant the development of Islam?

Which of the following cultures of the Arabian Peninsula was most significant the development of Islam?

a. Medieval
b. Sedentary agricultural villages
c. Hunting and gathering
d. Urban
e. Bedouin








Answer: E

What was the most significant of the transformations brought about by the Abbasids' rise to power?

What was the most significant of the transformations brought about by the Abbasids' rise to power?

a. The destruction of Sunni influences within Islam
b. The mawali were admitted as full members of the Islamic community
c. Victory in the Crusades and the conquest of Spain
d. The destruction of absolutism within Islamic government
e. The final defeat of the Byzantine Empire with the capture of Constantinople







Answer: B

What was the nature of the material culture of bedouin society?

What was the nature of the material culture of bedouin society?

a. The bedouins constructed numerous temple complexes featuring monumental architecture in the form of pyramids.
b. Although their nomadic lifestyle did not permit the development of monumental architectural forms, the bedouins were skilled painters and sculptors.
c. Except in the sedentary agricultural communities of the South, there was little art or architecture and the chief focus of cultural creativity was oral poetry.
d. Mecca was a major center for the development of art and architecture, but the desert bedouin produced little of cultural value.
e. The bedouins preserved the learning of classical cultures through writings that included prose-like epics.










Answer: C

Which of the following groups was NOT a component of bedouin society?

Which of the following groups was NOT a component of bedouin society?

a. Slaves
b. Artisans
c. Herders
d. Free warriors
e. Shaykhs








Answer: B

Which of the following was NOT a reason for the early expansion of Islam beyond Arabia?

Which of the following was NOT a reason for the early expansion of Islam beyond Arabia?

a. The desire for booty
b. The sense of common cause and united strength
c. The desire to convert new populations to Islam
d. A means to release the energies of the bedouin tribes against others than themselves
e. The weakness of their adversaries.







Answer: C

Which of the following statements concerning bedouin society is NOT accurate?

Which of the following statements concerning bedouin society is NOT accurate?

a. Bedouins lived in highly mobile tent encampments.
b. Clans were commonly congregated together in larger tribal groupings.
c. Bedouins were rarely found living in urban areas.
d. Bedouin herders lived in kin-related clan groups.
e. Arabian society fostered strong dependence on loyalty and cooperation with kin.










Answer: B

Which of the following groups was responsible for the slaughter of the male descendents of the Umayyad Dynasty?

Which of the following groups was responsible for the slaughter of the male descendents of the Umayyad Dynasty?

a. Syrians
b. Berbers
c. Christians
d. Abbasids
e. "people of the book."







Answer: D

Under the Umayyads, the political center of Islam shifted to

Under the Umayyads, the political center of Islam shifted to

a. Constantinople.
b. Baghdad.
c. Merv.
d. Cairo.
e. Damascus.










Answer: E

The term for non-Arab Muslim converts is

The term for non-Arab Muslim converts is

a. dhimmis.
b. jizya.
c. umma.
d. dhow.
e. mawali.









Answer: E

When did Muhammad receive the first revelations that were eventually written down in the Quran?

When did Muhammad receive the first revelations that were eventually written down in the Quran?

a. 610 C.E.
b. 711 C.E.
c. 550 C.E.
d. 632 C.E.
e. 622 C.E.









Answer: A

What was the Umayyad response to Muhammad's migration to Medina and subsequent success there?

What was the Umayyad response to Muhammad's migration to Medina and subsequent success there?

a. The Umayyad rulers of Mecca ignored Muhammad as long as he was content to remain in Medina.
b. War broke out between Mecca and Medina resulting in the eventual victory of the Umayyads.
c. War broke out between Mecca and Medina resulting in the eventual victory of Muhammad and the Medina clans.
d. The Umayyads eagerly converted to Islam and welcomed Muhammad back to Mecca.
e. Reluctantly but peacefully, the Umayyads were converted to Islam.






Answer: C

What was the date of Muhammad's flight to Medina from Mecca?

What was the date of Muhammad's flight to Medina from Mecca?

a. 635 C.E.
b. 711 C.E.
c. 622 C.E.
d. 610 C.E.
e. 570 C.E.










Answer: C

Which of the following represents a mounting pressure for change in pre-Islamic society?

Which of the following represents a mounting pressure for change in pre-Islamic society?

a. Invasion from sub-Saharan Africa agricultural cultures incompatible with nomadic life
b. Greater Byzantine and Sasanian control over Arabic tribes of the peninsula and Arabic migration to Mesopotamia
c. The increasing scarcity of natural resources to support the life and culture of the bedouins
d. The increasing influence of Hindu animism from the expansion of the Gupta Empire
e. The increasing influence of polytheism throughout all cultures around the Mediterranean








Answer: B

Which of the following statements concerning Muhammad's flight to Medina is NOT correct?

Which of the following statements concerning Muhammad's flight to Medina is NOT correct?

a. Once in Medina he attracted new followers to his faith.
b. He fled because he was invited to mediate a dispute between the tribes of Medina.
c. He fled because of the threat of assassination in Mecca.
d. Muhammad fled from Mecca with nearly one quarter of the city's population.
e. Muhammad fled to Medina in the year 622.









Answer: D

What was the nature of pre-Islamic bedouin religion?

What was the nature of pre-Islamic bedouin religion?

a. It was a blend of animism and polytheism.
b. Most of the bedouin were Christians.
c. The bedouins had no religious beliefs.
d. The bedouin were monotheists who worshipped Allah.
e. Most of the bedouin were Jews.








Answer: A

The Umayyads felt threatened by all of the following developments EXCEPT

The Umayyads felt threatened by all of the following developments EXCEPT

a. Muhammad's destruction of the Ka'ba.
b. the development of Muhammad's religion.
c. raids on their caravans.
d. the growing power of Medina.
e. disputes between rival families.








Answer: A

What was the result of the first civil war between Ali and the Umayyads?

What was the result of the first civil war between Ali and the Umayyads?

a. Ali was killed in the conflict, but his son Hasan was named caliph and won a great victory over the Abbasids.
b. Despite early successes, Ali's faction disintegrated, leading to an Umayyad victory and Ali's assassination.
c. Ali was able to defeat the Umayyad clan and reduce them to political insignificance.
d. Islam remained firmly united behind the heirs of Husayn and Ali.
e. Ali suffered a disastrous military defeat at the Battle of Siffin, and the Umayyads emerged victorious.










Answer: B

What was the clan into which Muhammad was born?

What was the clan into which Muhammad was born?

a. Banu Hashim
b. Abbasid
c. Almoravid
d. Umayyad
e. Sassanid







Answer: A

Why was the caliph Uthman disliked by so many Arabs?

Why was the caliph Uthman disliked by so many Arabs?

a. He was not an Arab.
b. He murdered Ali.
c. He had halted the process of expansion and thus stopped the flow of booty to the tribesmen.
d. He was a firm supporter of Muhammad's son-in-law and nephew, Ali.
e. He was the first caliph to be chosen from Muhammad's early enemies, the Umayyads.






Answer: E

Which of the following is NOT among the "five pillars" of Islam?

Which of the following is NOT among the "five pillars" of Islam?

a. Fasting during Ramadan
b. Charity
c. Pilgrimage to Medina
d. Hajj
e. A confession of faith








Answer: C

The Abbasids moved the political center of their empire to

The Abbasids moved the political center of their empire to

a. Damascus.
b. Merv.
c. Constantinople.
d. Jerusalem.
e. Baghdad.









Answer: E

The wars to defeat rival prophets and restore the unity of Islam were called

The wars to defeat rival prophets and restore the unity of Islam were called

a. Karbala.
b. the first fitnah.
c. Rihla.
d. Ridda.
e. dhow.








Answer: D

What was the nature of citizenship within the Umayyad Empire?

What was the nature of citizenship within the Umayyad Empire?

a. Only Muslim Arabs were first-class citizens of this great empire.
b. Malawi were accorded full rights of citizenship.
c. All converts to Islam, regardless of their ethnic origins, were full citizens and members of the elite.
d. Arabs rapidly lost their dominance in the Umayyad Empire to the native residents of Persia.
e. The Umayyads recognized all residents of their empire, whether Muslims or "people of the book" as full citizens.





Answer: A

What was the Ka'ba?

What was the Ka'ba?

a. The belief in the goodness of holy war
b. The name given to Muhammad's flight from Mecca
c. The tribe that dominated Mecca
d. The port of Mecca
e. The religious shrine that was the focus of an annual truce







Answer: E

Why did the Arab warriors not want to convert large numbers of people to Islam?

Why did the Arab warriors not want to convert large numbers of people to Islam?

a. They lacked the political organization to govern them and feared insurrection by non-Arabs.
b. They would have had to share their booty and would have lost tax revenues.
c. Muhammad specifically stated that Islam could only be spread among the Arabs.
d. They wanted to keep high religious offices among themselves.
e. Conversion would have slowed down the process of conquest.







Answer: B

What would happen if the secondary messenger cGMP was blocked in the de-etiolation pathway?

What would happen if the secondary messenger cGMP was blocked in the de-etiolation pathway? 

A) Specific protein kinase 1 would be activated, and greening would occur.
B) Ca2+ channels would not open, and no greening would occur.
C) Ca2+ channels could open, and specific protein kinase 2 could still be produced.
D) No transcription of genes that function in de-etiolation would occur.
E) Transcription of de-etiolation genes in the nucleus would not be affected.






Answer: C

External stimuli would be received most quickly by a plant cell if the receptors for signal transduction were located in the

External stimuli would be received most quickly by a plant cell if the receptors for signal transduction were located in the 

A) plasma membrane.
B) cytoplasmic matrix.
C) endoplasmic reticulum.
D) nuclear membrane.
E) nucleoplasm.







Answer: A

All of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except

All of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except 

A) calcium ions.
B) nonrandom mutations.
C) receptor proteins.
D) phytochrome.
E) secondary messengers.






Answer: B

The black dots that cover strawberries are actually individual fruits. The fleshy and tasty portion of a strawberry derives from the receptacle of a flower with many separate carpels. Therefore, a strawberry is

The black dots that cover strawberries are actually individual fruits. The fleshy and tasty portion of a strawberry derives from the receptacle of a flower with many separate carpels. Therefore, a strawberry is 

A) both a multiple fruit and an aggregate fruit.
B) both a multiple fruit and an accessory fruit.
C) both a simple fruit and an aggregate fruit.
D) both an aggregate fruit and an accessory fruit.
E) a simple fruit with many seeds.





Answer: D

The pollen produced by wind-pollinated plants is often smaller than the pollen produced by animal-pollinated plants. A reason for this might be that

The pollen produced by wind-pollinated plants is often smaller than the pollen produced by animal-pollinated plants. A reason for this might be that 

A) wind-pollinated plants, in general, are smaller than animal-pollinated plants.
B) wind-pollinated plants release pollen in the spring, before the plant has stored enough energy to make large pollen grains.
C) small pollen grains can be carried farther by the wind.
D) animal pollinators are more facile at picking up large pollen grains.
E) wind-pollinated flowers don't need large pollen grains because they don't have to attract animal pollinators.




Answer: C

A small flower with green petals is most likely

A small flower with green petals is most likely 

A) bee-pollinated.
B) bird-pollinated.
C) bat-pollinated.
D) wind-pollinated.
E) moth-pollinated.






Answer: D

Some dioecious species have the XY genotype for male and XX for female. After double fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei?

Some dioecious species have the XY genotype for male and XX for female. After double fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei? 

A) embryo X/endosperm XX or embryo Y/endosperm XY
B) embryo XX/endosperm XX or embryo XY/endosperm XY
C) embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XYY
D) embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY
E) embryo XY/endosperm XXX or embryo XX/endosperm XXY






Answer: C

Which statement concerning grafting is correct?

Which statement concerning grafting is correct? 

A) Stocks and scions refer to twigs of different species.
B) Stocks come from vines, but scions come from trees.
C) Stocks provide root systems for grafting.
D) Grafting creates new species.
E) Stocks and scions must come from unrelated species.





Answer: C

"Golden Rice"

"Golden Rice" 

A) is resistant to various herbicides, making it practical to weed rice fields with those herbicides.
B) is resistant to a virus that commonly attacks rice fields.
C) includes bacterial genes that produce a toxin that reduces damage from insect pests.
D) produces larger, golden grains that increase crop yields.
E) contains daffodil genes that increase vitamin A content.





Answer: E

Double fertilization means that

Double fertilization means that 

A) flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds.
B) every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo.
C) one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.
D) the egg of the embryo sac is diploid.
E) every sperm has two nuclei.





Answer: C

A fruit is

A fruit is 

A) a mature ovary.
B) a mature ovule.
C) a seed plus its integuments.
D) a fused carpel.
E) an enlarged embryo sac.




Answer: A

A seed develops from

A seed develops from 

A) an ovum.
B) a pollen grain.
C) an ovule.
D) an ovary.
E) an embryo.






Answer: C

Regardless of where in the world a vineyard is located, in order for the winery to produce a Burgundy, it must use varietal grapes that originated in Burgundy, France. The most effective way for a new California grower to plant a vineyard to produce Burgundy is to

Regardless of where in the world a vineyard is located, in order for the winery to produce a Burgundy, it must use varietal grapes that originated in Burgundy, France. The most effective way for a new California grower to plant a vineyard to produce Burgundy is to 

A) plant seeds obtained from French varietal Burgundy grapes.
B) transplant varietal Burgundy plants from France.
C) acquire a tissue culture of varietal Burgundy grapes from France.
D) cross French Burgundy grapes with native American grapes.
E) graft varietal Burgundy grape scions onto native (Californian) root stocks.





Answer: E

You are studying a plant from the Amazon rain forest that shows strong self-incompatibility. To characterize this reproductive mechanism, you would look for

You are studying a plant from the Amazon rain forest that shows strong self-incompatibility. To characterize this reproductive mechanism, you would look for 

A) ribonuclease (RNAase) activity in stigma cells.
B) RNA in the plants.
C) pollen grains with very thick walls.
D) carpels that cannot produce eggs by meiosis.
E) systems of wind, but not insect, pollination.






Answer: A

Which of the following is a successful example of the commercial use of transgenic crops?

Which of the following is a successful example of the commercial use of transgenic crops?

A) inserting Bt toxin genes into cotton, maize, and potato
B) developing plants that are resistant to ultraviolet light mutations
C) producing plants that resist attack by large herbivores
D) developing plants that produce all the essential amino acids for humans
E) producing plants that contain genes for making human insulin






Answer: A

Which of the following is proving to be the most difficult task for plant breeders regardless of the techniques they use for crop improvement due to the complexity of the metabolic pathways involved?

Which of the following is proving to be the most difficult task for plant breeders regardless of the techniques they use for crop improvement due to the complexity of the metabolic pathways involved? 

A) insect resistance
B) nitrogen fixation
C) herbicide resistance
D) improved nutritional quality
E) virus resistance






Answer: B

All of the following strategies are being pursued with the goal of preventing transgene escape from genetically modified crops except

All of the following strategies are being pursued with the goal of preventing transgene escape from genetically modified crops except 

A) the engineering of male sterility into plants.
B) the genetic engineering of apomixis into transgenic crops.
C) the genetic engineering of trangenes into the chloroplast DNA.
D) the genetic engineering of flowers that develop normally, but fail to open.
E) hybridization of transgenic crop genes with related wild weeds.






Answer: E

Which of the following is a scientific concern related to creating genetically modified crops?

Which of the following is a scientific concern related to creating genetically modified crops? 

A) Herbicide resistance may spread to weedy species.
B) Beneficial insects may be harmed by eating pest species.
C) Their adaptive advantages would allow them to overpower natural ecosystems.
D) The monetary costs of growing genetically modified plants are significantly greater than traditional breeding techniques.
E) Genetically modified plants are less stable and may revert back to parental genotypes.





Answer: A

One disadvantage of monoculture is that

One disadvantage of monoculture is that 

A) the whole crop ripens at the same time.
B) genetic uniformity makes a crop more vulnerable to a new pest or disease.
C) it predominantly uses vegetative propagation.
D) most grain crops self-pollinate.
E) it allows for the cultivation of large areas of land.





Answer: B

Biofuels are mainly produced by

Biofuels are mainly produced by 

A) the breakdown of cell wall biopolymers into sugars that can be fermented.
B) plants that convert hemicellulose into gasoline.
C) the genetic engineering of ethanol-generating genes into plants.
D) transgenic crops that have cell walls containing ethylene.
E) plants that are easy to grow in arid environments.





Answer: A

A parent with an S1S2 genotype exhibiting gametophytic self-incompatibility could potentially fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?

A parent with an S1S2 genotype exhibiting gametophytic self-incompatibility could potentially fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?

A) S1S3
B) S2S3
C) S1S4
D) S2S4
E) Half of all the pollen grains could be successful.






Answer: E

A parent with an S1S2 genotype exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility can potentially fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?

A parent with an S1S2 genotype exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility can potentially fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains? 

A) S1S3
B) S2S3
C) S3S4
D) S1S4
E) Half of all the pollen grains could be successful.






Answer: C

The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include

The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include 

A) increasing the amount of land suitable for agriculture.
B) overcoming genetic incompatibility.
C) increasing the frequency of self-pollination.
D) increasing crop yield.
E) decreasing the mutation rate of certain genes.







Answer: D

One major potential benefit resulting from protoplast fusion experiments in agriculturally relevant species is

One major potential benefit resulting from protoplast fusion experiments in agriculturally relevant species is 

A) there is an increased potential of hopeful mutants.
B) species that are normally sexually incompatible can sometimes be successfully fused. producing offspring with traits of both parent species.
C) many new species can be produced in a short period of time.
D) deleterious traits are often removed by this process.
E) genetically unrelated species can be successfully combined to produce new species with much larger genomes and adaptive potentials.







Answer: B

Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion?

Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion? 

A) It occurs when the second sperm nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei in the embryo sac.
B) It can be used to form new plant varieties by combining genomes from two plants.
C) It is used to develop gene banks to preserve genetic variability.
D) It is the method of test-tube cloning that produces whole plants from callus.
E) It occurs within a callus that is developing in tissue culture.






Answer: B

Under which conditions would asexual plants have the greatest advantage over sexual plants?

Under which conditions would asexual plants have the greatest advantage over sexual plants? 

A) an environment that varies on a regular, predictable basis
B) an environment with irregular fluctuations of conditions
C) a relatively constant environment with infrequent disturbances
D) a fire-maintained ecosystem
E) an environment with many seed predators






Answer: C

Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in plants?

Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in plants? 

A) increased success of progeny in a stable environment.
B) increased agricultural productivity in a rapidly changing environment.
C) maintenance and expansion of a large genome.
D) production of numerous progeny.
E) increased ability to adapt to a change in the environment.






Answer: A

Which of the following statements is true for a species that produces seeds by apomixis?

Which of the following statements is true for a species that produces seeds by apomixis?

A) The seed coat is made of diploid cells derived from the ovule of a flower.
B) The embryo consists of diploid cells derived from fertilization of a haploid egg by a haploid sperm.
C) The scutellum is the primary food storage tissue of the embryo.
D) A haploid embryo is contained within the seed.
E) The embryo of the seed is genetically distinct from the parent plant.





Answer: A

Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants?

Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants? 

A) Clones of plants do not occur naturally.
B) Cloning, although achieved in animals, has not been demonstrated in plants.
C) Making cuttings of ornamental plants is a form of fragmentation.
D) Reproduction of plants by cloning may be either sexual or asexual.
E) Viable seeds can result from sexual reproduction only.





Answer: C

Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction?

Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction? 

A) It involves both meiosis and mitosis to produce haploid and diploid cells.
B) It produces vegetables and not fruits.
C) It involves meiosis only.
D) It can lead to genetically altered forms of the species.
E) It produces clones of the parent plant.






Answer: E

Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?

Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?

A) increased genetic variation in progeny
B) enhanced mitosis
C) more stable populations
D) rapid increases in population due to high seed production
E) higher reproductive success






Answer: A

Garden beans and many other eudicots have a hooked hypocotyl during germination. Which of the following is true concerning hypocotyls and/or the hypocotyl hook?

Garden beans and many other eudicots have a hooked hypocotyl during germination. Which of the following is true concerning hypocotyls and/or the hypocotyl hook? 

A) It is the first structure to emerge from a eudicot seed.
B) It pushes the cotyledons up through the soil.
C) It straightens when exposed to sufficient water.
D) It is stunted in an etiolated seedling.
E) It emerges after the successful establishment of the radicle.







Answer: E

What is the first step in the germination of a seed?

What is the first step in the germination of a seed? 

A) pollination
B) fertilization
C) imbibition
D) hydrolysis of starch and other food reserves
E) emergence of the radicle







Answer: C

Fruits develop from

Fruits develop from 

A) microsporangia.
B) receptacles.
C) fertilized eggs.
D) ovaries.
E) ovules.






Answer: D

Which of the following statements is true about fruits?

Which of the following statements is true about fruits? 

A) Fruits form from megasporangia and integuments.
B) All fruits contain seeds.
C) Green beans, corn, tomatoes, and wheat are all vegetables.
D) Pollination is always required for fruit maturation.
E) During fruit development, the wall of the ovary becomes the integument.







Answer: A

The embryo of a grass seed is enclosed by two protective sheaths, a(n) ________, which covers the young shoot, and a(n) ________, which covers the young root.

The embryo of a grass seed is enclosed by two protective sheaths, a(n) ________, which covers the young shoot, and a(n) ________, which covers the young root. 

A) cotyledon; radicle
B) hypocotyl; epicotyl
C) coleoptile; coleorhiza
D) scutellum; coleoptile
E) epicotyl; radicle







Answer: C

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit?

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit? 

A) potato
B) lettuce
C) radish
D) celery
E) green beans







Answer: E

Which of the following developmental processes in a seed is the most evolutionarily advantageous for the initial establishment of a viable seedling?

Which of the following developmental processes in a seed is the most evolutionarily advantageous for the initial establishment of a viable seedling? 

A) The emergence of the radical.
B) The coleoptiles in monocots.
C) The protective layer of cutin outside of the seed coat.
D) The emergence of the first photosynthetically active leaves.
E) The development of a nutrient-rich hypocotyl.






Answer: A

Which of the following is a potential advantage of introducing apomixis into hybrid crop species?

Which of the following is a potential advantage of introducing apomixis into hybrid crop species? 

A) Cultivars would be better able to cope with a rapidly changing environment.
B) They would have a larger potential genome than inbred crops.
C) All of the desirable traits of the cultivar would be passed on to offspring.
D) They would benefit from positive mutations in their DNA.
E) It would be easier to introduce novel genes.







Answer: C

Which of the following metabolic processes is most likely to still be occurring at low levels in a fully mature, viable, dry seed?

Which of the following metabolic processes is most likely to still be occurring at low levels in a fully mature, viable, dry seed? 

A) photosynthesis
B) respiration
C) fatty acid synthesis
D) protein synthesis
E) DNA replication





Answer: B

Which of the following statements applies to the endosperm in angiosperms?

Which of the following statements applies to the endosperm in angiosperms? 

A) Its nutrients may be absorbed by the cotyledons in the seeds of eudicots.
B) It develops from a haploid cell.
C) Its nutrients are digested before embryo development.
D) It develops from the fertilized egg.
E) It is only fully developed in monocot seeds.







Answer: A

What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?

What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms? 

A) The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue.
B) A triploid zygote is formed.
C) Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.
D) Two embryos develop in every seed.
E) The antipodal cells develop into the seed coat.








Answer: C

Which of the following statements argues for an advantage for flowering plants to maintain an extended gametophyte generation?

Which of the following statements argues for an advantage for flowering plants to maintain an extended gametophyte generation? 

A) The protection of female gametophytes within ovules keeps them from drying out.
B) Sperm with flagella can reach the egg faster.
C) It provides sufficient time for the integument to develop into a seed coat.
D) It allows for a complex nucleus to develop.
E) It allows more time for potential pollination.






Answer: A

The structure of a mature, functional fruit always includes

The structure of a mature, functional fruit always includes 

A) one or more seeds.
B) extensive vascular connections to the parent plant.
C) fleshy cells rich in sugars.
D) brightly colored pigments to attract animal dispersers.
E) subtending bracts to protect against predators.







Answer: A

Which of the following events suggests there is a change in the egg cell membrane after penetration by a sperm?

Which of the following events suggests there is a change in the egg cell membrane after penetration by a sperm? 

A) The pollen tube grows away from the egg toward the polar nuclei.
B) CA2+ builds up in the cytoplasm of the egg.
C) The egg cell plasmolyzes.
D) Double fertilization occurs.
E) There is a spike in membrane transport activity.







Answer: B

The primary function of the integument of an ovule is to

The primary function of the integument of an ovule is to

A) protect against animal predation.
B) ensure double fertilization.
C) form a seed coat.
D) direct development of the endosperm.
E) produce hormones that ensure successful pollination.






Answer: C

As a flower develops, which transition is most likely to occur?

As a flower develops, which transition is most likely to occur?

A) The microspores become pollen grains.
B) The ovule becomes a fruit.
C) The petals are retained.
D) The vegetative nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus.
E) The ovules become ovaries.






Answer: A

What effects would occur in a mutant of Arabidopsis that cannot synthesize GABA within its flowers?

What effects would occur in a mutant of Arabidopsis that cannot synthesize GABA within its flowers? 

A) Pollen tube growth would not be directed toward the egg, and fertilization would not occur.
B) The seeds from the flowers would be unable to break dormancy.
C) The pollen grain would not form a pollen tube due to incompatibility with the pollen tube.
D) The length of the style would be increased to the point where the growing pollen tube would be unable to reach the synergids.





Answer: A

Genetic incompatibility does not affect the

Genetic incompatibility does not affect the 

A) attraction of a suitable insect pollinator.
B) germination of the pollen on the stigma.
C) growth of the pollen tube in the style.
D) membrane permeability of cells.
E) different individuals of the same species.





Answer: A

Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as "self or nonself." For self-incompatibility, the system requires

Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as "self or nonself." For self-incompatibility, the system requires 

A) the rejection of nonself cells.
B) the rejection of self cells.
C) carpel incompatibility with the egg cells.
D) that the flowers be incomplete.
E) the union of genetically identical sperm and egg cells.






Answer: B

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants?

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? 

A) Fertilization precedes pollination.
B) Pollination easily occurs between plants of different species, whereas fertilization is within a species.
C) Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other.
D) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of haploid nuclei.
E) If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary.






Answer: D